Human bite wounds may not sound very dangerous, but they are. Human bite wounds contain very high concentrations of bacteria, so the risk of infection is high. Even though the wound may appear insignificant, an infection can lead to a severe joint infection. About one third of all hand infections result from human bite wounds. These infections can progress quickly and result in significant complications, so early treatment is necessary.
Bites can transmit the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), as well as the hepatitis B virus and syphillis. Joint infections can lead to septic arthritis. Someone who has a human bite wound should get prompt first aid and see a doctor within 24 hours of the injury if the skin is broken.
Sometimes the wound is incurred directly (an actual bite). Other times, it is indirect (a clenched fist strikes a tooth, which breaks the skin on the hand). In a fight, a punch to the mouth can result in an indirect bite injury at the knuckle joint (MP or metacarpophalangeal joint), which can lead to a severe infection and possible destruction of the joint if it is not promptly treated.
Signs and Symptoms
In some cases, the bite will not break the skin but may cause damage to underlying tendons and joints. If the skin is broken, there is the additional possibility of infection as well as injury to joints, tendons and nerves. An injury to the top of the hand can result in significant swelling within hours.
Signs of an infection include:
- Warmth around the bite wound
- Swelling
- Pain
- A pus discharge
Signs of damage to tendons or nerves include:
- An inability to bend or straighten the finger
- A loss of sensation over the tip of the finger
First aid
Don’t put the bitten area in your mouth!
If there is no bleeding, wash the wound thoroughly. Use soap and water or an antiseptic such as hydrogen peroxide or alcohol. Apply an antibiotic ointment and cover with a non-stick bandage. Watch the area carefully to see if there are signs of damaged nerves or tendons. If you see any, seek medical help immediately.
If there is bleeding, apply direct pressure with a clean dry cloth. Elevate the area. Do not clean a wound that is actively bleeding. Cover the wound with a clean dressing and seek medical help. In these situations, early intervention (within 24 hours) is needed to prevent complications.
Medical assistance
Be sure to tell your doctor how you got the bite. Your physician will measure the wound, note its location, and check for signs of nerve or tendon damage. The doctor may examine your arm to see if there are signs of a spreading infection. You may need to get X-rays and a blood test.
You may also need to get a tetanus shot and a prescription for antibiotics. You may also have to return in a day or two so that the physician can confirm that an infection has not developed. If the tendons or nerves have been injured, you may need to see a specialist for additional treatment.
