The metatarsals are the long bones in the foot that connect the toes to the midfoot. The metatarsals are numbered one through five, starting with the big toe. So, the second metatarsal is the long bone of the second toe.

Second Metatarsal Shortening Osteotomy

A second metatarsal shortening osteotomy is a procedure that cuts and shortens the second metatarsal. The goals of shortening the metatarsal are to decrease pain at the base of the second toe (in the ball of the foot) and/or help straighten out the second toe.

Diagnosis

Many patients with problems have pain in the ball of their foot. Typically, they feel like they are walking on a pebble or marble. They often note more discomfort when barefoot. Many patients develop a callus (thickened skin) under the affected metatarsal head. Some patients are at risk for this due to a longer-than-normal second metatarsal.

Before proceeding with this surgery, your foot and ankle orthopedic surgeon typically will try a non-surgical treatment such as a shoe insert with pads to decrease the pressure on the painful area. Note that the pad should not be placed under the painful area, but just toward the heel side of the painful area. A stretching program for the Achilles and calf muscles aimed at decreasing the pressure in the front part of the foot also can be helpful. Steroid injections should never be performed into the fat pad under the ball of the foot, but depending on the diagnosis and thought process of your surgeon, an injection may be done through the top of your foot into the joint or tissue to the side of the joint. Surgery may be an option if these initial treatments do not help. This procedure commonly is performed in combination with other procedures aimed at straightening the foot and toes and decreasing the pressure on the front part of the foot.

If you have not tried conservative treatment, you should do so before considering surgery. You should avoid this surgery if you have an infection in the foot, have poor circulation in the foot, or other medical problems that make the risks of surgery too dangerous for you.

Treatment

This surgery usually is done as an outpatient procedure, meaning the patient can go home the same day. The procedure involves cutting the second metatarsal and removing a small section of the bone. Screws and sometimes a plate are used to hold the metatarsal in the shortened position until it heals.

Specific Technique

The patient receives numbing medication for the foot along with sedation given through an IV. The foot and ankle orthopedic surgeon makes an incision on top of the foot in line with the second toe. The bone is visualized and a saw is used to make a cut in the bone. The bone is shortened to the desired length. It is held in place with some type of implant. The surgeon closes the incision and places a dressing. The surgeon also may place a splint to protect the foot. Sometimes a boot or hard-soled shoe is used.

Recovery

Your foot and ankle orthopedic surgeon will determine if you are allowed to walk or put any weight on your foot. For some patients, weightbearing is allowed the same day, but for others it may not be allowed for 6-8 weeks. The goal is to transition back to supportive shoes at 6-8 weeks based on bone healing. It can take up to 12 weeks to get back to regular shoes, and recovery time is largely determined by other procedures performed at the same time as the shortening osteotomy. The overall goal is to be 75% recovered at three months and 90-100% recovered between six and twelve months after surgery.

Risks and Complications

All surgeries come with possible complications, including the risks associated with anesthesia, infection, damage to nerves and blood vessels, and bleeding or blood clots.

Complications with this specific procedure can include stiffness and numbness near the incision. A delay in bone healing or a deep infection may require additional surgery.

FAQs

Why do I need to be non-weightbearing?

Depending on the specific procedure performed as well as other factors, the patient may be told to remain non-weightbearing to prevent motion between the parts of the bone that are trying to heal together. This means they should not put any weight on the affected foot. If there is too much motion between the bones it can take longer for them to heal or they may not heal at all. Bones typically take six to eight weeks to heal, so being non-weightbearing during this time should allow the bones to heal together.

What if my bones do not heal together?

This complication is more common in patients who have diabetes or smoke. This may cause continued pain after surgery, and is recognized on X-rays or CT scan. A nonunion may require a second procedure. New metal is typically placed during the second surgery and usually some form of bone graft is used to help the bones heal.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic disease that attacks multiple joints throughout the body. About 90% of people with RA eventually develop symptoms related to the foot or ankle. Usually symptoms appear in the toes and forefeet first, then in the middle and back of the foot, and finally in the ankles. Other inflammatory types of arthritis that affect the foot and ankle include gout, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and Reiter’s syndrome.

The exact cause of RA is unknown but there are several theories. Some people may be more likely to develop RA because of their genes. However, it usually takes a chemical or environmental trigger to activate the disease. In RA, the body’s immune system turns against itself. Instead of protecting the joints, the body produces substances that attack and inflame the joints.

Symptoms

The most common symptoms of RA in the foot are pain, swelling, and stiffness. Symptoms usually appear in several joints on both feet. You may feel pain in the joint or in the sole or ball of your foot. The joint may be warm and affect the way you walk. You may develop corns or bunions, and your toes can begin to curl and stiffen in positions called claw toes or hammertoes.

If your hindfoot (back of the foot) and ankle are affected, the bones may shift position. This can cause the arch on the bottom of your foot to collapse (flat foot), resulting in pain and difficulty walking.

Because RA affects your entire system, you may also feel feverish, tire easily, and lose your appetite. You may develop lumps near your joints, particularly around the elbow.

Diagnosis

Sometimes arthritis symptoms in the foot are the first indication that you have RA. Your foot and ankle orthopedic surgeon will ask you about your medical history, occupation and recreational activities, as well as any other persistent or previous conditions in your feet and legs. The appearance of symptoms in the same joint on both feet or in several joints is an indication that RA might be involved.

Your surgeon also will request X-rays to see how much damage there is to the joints. Blood tests will show whether you are anemic or have an antibody called the rheumatoid factor, which often is present with RA. If you’ve already been diagnosed with RA, you and your doctor should be aware that the disease will probably spread to your feet and ankles.

Treatments

Many people with RA can control their pain and the disease with medication and exercise. Some medications, such as aspirin or ibuprofen, help control pain. Others, including methotrexate, prednisone, sulfasalazine, Humira®, Enbrel®, etc., may help slow the spread of the disease itself. In some cases, a steroid injection into the joint can help relieve swelling and inflammation.

Your doctor may prescribe special shoes. If your toes have begun to stiffen or curl, you should wear a shoe with an extra-deep toe box. You also may need to use a soft arch support with a rigid heel. In more severe cases, you may need to use a molded ankle-foot orthotic device, canes, or crutches.

Exercise is very important in the treatment of RA. Your doctor or physical therapist may recommend stretching as well as functional and range-of-motion exercises.

Surgical options for the foot or ankle

Surgery can correct several of the conditions associated with RA of the foot and ankle, including bunions and hammertoes. In many cases, however, the most successful surgical option is fusion (arthrodesis). Fusion is often performed on the big toe, the midfoot, the hindfoot, and in the ankle with RA.

With a fusion, the joint cartilage is removed. The bones are held in place with screws, plates and screws, or a rod through the bone. Eventually, the bones unite to create one solid bone.

There is loss of motion after a fusion, but the foot and ankle remain functional and generally pain-free. Replacing the ankle joint with an artificial joint (known as total ankle replacement or arthroplasty) may be an alternative. Discuss your options with your foot and ankle orthopedic surgeon before proceeding with any surgery.

Recovery

Your doctor will prescribe pain medication for your use after the surgery. Before you leave the hospital, you will be taught how to use crutches. It takes a long time to recover from foot surgery. Here are some things to consider as part of your recovery:

• Ask friends or family for help in preparing meals and doing other activities of daily living.
• For the first week or so after surgery, keep your foot elevated above the level of your heart as much as possible.
• Be sure to do the prescribed physical therapy exercises. They will help you regain strength, motion, and the ability to walk.
• You won’t be able to put all your weight on your foot for several weeks, and you may need to wear a special shoe or a cast for several months.
• It may take 6-12 months after surgery to resume regular activities.

RA is a progressive disease that currently has no cure. However, medications, exercises and surgery can help lessen the effects of the disease and may slow its progression.

Risks and Complications

As in all surgeries, there is some risk. Infections, failure for the fusion to heal and loosening of the hardware are the most common problems. Intravenous antibiotics and/or repeat surgery may be needed. Severe complications may require amputation, but this is rare.

The posterior tibial tendon helps hold up your arch and provides support as you step off on your toes when walking. If this tendon becomes inflamed, overstretched, or torn, you may experience pain on the inner ankle and gradually lose the inner arch on the bottom of your foot, leading to a flatfoot deformity.

Symptoms

The symptoms of progressive flatfoot are gradual and typically include pain and swelling on the inside or outside of the ankle or foot, loss of the arch and the development of a flat foot, weakness and an inability to stand on the toes, and tenderness over the midfoot, especially during physical activity.

Causes

Progressive flatfoot often occurs in women over 50 and may be due to an inherent abnormality of the tendon. But there are several other risk factors, including:

• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Previous surgery or trauma, such as an ankle fracture, on the inner side of the foot
• Local steroid injections
• Inflammatory diseases such as Reiter’s syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, spondylosing arthropathy, and psoriasis
• Athletes who are involved in sports such as basketball, tennis, soccer, or hockey may tear the posterior tibial tendon. The tendon may also become inflamed if excessive force is placed on the foot, such as when running on a banked track or road.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis is based on both a history and a physical examination. Your foot and ankle orthopedic surgeon may ask you to stand on your bare feet facing away from him/her to view how your foot functions.

You also may be asked to stand on your toes or to do a single heel raise. You will stand with your hands on the wall, lift the unaffected foot off the ground, and raise up on the toes of the other foot. Normally, the heel will rotate inward; if not, this indicates posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Your surgeon may request X-rays or an MRI of the foot.

Treatments

Without treatment, the flatfoot that develops from posterior tibial tendon dysfunction eventually becomes arthritic and rigid. Pain increases and spreads to the outer side of the ankle. The way you walk may be affected and wearing shoes may be difficult.

The treatment your surgeon recommends will depend on how far the condition has progressed. In the early stages, posterior tibial tendon dysfunction can be treated with rest, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin or ibuprofen, and immobilization of the foot for 6-8 weeks with a boot to prevent overuse. After the boot is removed, shoe inserts such as a heel wedge or arch support may be helpful. If the condition is advanced, your doctor may recommend that you use a custom-made ankle-foot orthosis or support.

If conservative treatments don’t work, your doctor may recommend surgery. Several procedures can be used to treat progressive flatfoot; often more than one procedure is performed at the same time. Your doctor will recommend a specific course of treatment based on your foot. Surgical options include:

Osteotomy: This procedure changes the alignment of the calcaneus (heel bone). The surgeon may sometimes have to remove a portion of the bone.

Tendon transfer: This procedure uses some fibers from another tendon (the flexor digitorum longus, which helps bend the toes) to repair the damaged posterior tibial tendon.

Lateral column lengthening: In this procedure, the surgeon removes a small wedge-shaped piece of bone from either your hip or that of a cadaver and places it into the outside of the heel bone. This helps realign the bones and recreate the arch.

Arthrodesis: This procedure fuses one or more bones together, eliminating movement in the joint. This stabilizes the hindfoot and keeps the condition from progressing further.

Posterior Ankle Endoscopy/Arthroscopy

Posterior ankle endoscopy/arthroscopy is a technique used to look at and treat problems in the back of the ankle.

First, it’s important to understand ankle anatomy. The ankle joint is the joint between the lower leg bones (tibia and fibula) and the ankle bone (talus). The joint below the ankle joint is called the subtalar joint; it lies between the ankle bone and the heel bone (calcaneus). The talus has a bony prominence in the back next to the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon. This is the tendon that moves the big toe downward toward the floor.

The bony posterior prominence might be the cause of ankle pain in some people if it is large (called a trigonal process) or it is not completely fused with the talar bone (called an os trigonum).

Pain might also occur if the FHL tendon gets irritated. This can happen if the tendon doesn’t fit well because the tunnel is too tight or the tendon is too big, or if the tendon is inflamed and swollen (called tenosynovitis).

An ankle sprain may cause a tear of the posterior ankle ligaments. The torn pieces can flip inside the joint. They can get pinched between the joint surfaces and cause pain. This problem is called posterior soft tissue impingement.

The Achilles tendon attaches to the back of the heel bone. It can get pinched by a prominent piece of bone at the top of the heel (called a Haglund’s deformity). This can lead to wear of the Achilles tendon and calcium deposits in the tendon (called insertional Achilles tendinitis).

Diagnosis

Patients typically experience pain in the back of the ankle. The precise location of the pain may differ depending on the cause. The pain from Achilles tendinitis is typically at the surface in back of the heel. This pain often increases when wearing closed shoes and improves with shoes that have open heels (e.g. clogs).

The pain from an os trigonum, an FHL problem or posterior soft tissue impingement tends to be deeper. It typically increases with downward motion of the ankle (pointing the toes). Soccer players and ballet dancers tend to be at higher risk for these problems.

You should avoid a posterior ankle endoscopy or arthroscopy if you have Infection in the skin or soft tissue of the posterior ankle area. You should discuss all of your medical conditions with your surgeon before you have this procedure.

Surgery should be considered after at least three months or non-surgical treatment has failed. Non-surgical approaches include rest, anti-inflammatory medications, a cast or walking boot for a short period of time, physical therapy and local steroid injection.

An X-ray can diagnose an os trigonum or enlarged trigonal process and can reveal other bony problems. MRI can be beneficial in evaluating soft tissues such as ligaments and tendons. In some cases, MRI can provide a better understanding of the problem.

Treatment

With the patient lying face-down or on the side, the foot and ankle orthopedic surgeon makes incisions at the back of the ankle. Typically, two incisions are made on either side of the Achilles tendon. An arthroscope (a tube-shaped device with a camera at the tip) is inserted and allows the surgeon to see the area. Fatty tissue at the back of the ankle is removed to create a workspace. The FHL tendon is identified and the blood vessels and nerves are protected. A small part of the posterior ankle capsule might need to be removed in order to enter the ankle joint. A device that “stretches” the ankle joint is often used to help with visualization.

The problem causing the pain is identified and treated accordingly using various small instruments:

• The os trigonum is freed from the surrounding soft tissues then removed.
• The FHL tenosynovitis is cleaned up using a shaver and the tunnel is released if necessary.
• The torn ligaments causing posterior soft tissue impingement are cleaned up with the shaver.
• The Haglund’s deformity is removed using a burr.

Recovery

The post-operative dressing is usually a splint or bulky soft dressing. A post-op shoe or boot may be added for protection. Weight bearing may be restricted depending on the surgery that is done.

Foot elevation is encouraged in the first 48 hours after the procedure. The stitches are removed in 10 to 14 days and more aggressive exercises can be started thereafter. Early motion of the ankle and foot joints usually is recommended. Formal physical therapy may be ordered. A night splint to keep the ankle at 90 degrees may be used to prevent tightening of the posterior ankle soft tissue.

Risks and Complications

Injury to blood vessels and nerves is uncommon but remains a complication of this procedure. Other complications include numbness on the bottom of the foot, very sensitive skin on the outside part of the foot, Achilles tendon tightness, chronic pain syndrome, infection, and the formation of a cyst at the incision site.

FAQs

What are the advantages of arthroscopic surgery over open surgery?

Arthroscopic surgery for posterior ankle and subtalar joint problems is much less invasive and produces less scar tissue in most cases. The magnification of the arthroscope and the nature of arthroscopy often allow for the evaluation of the tissues and pathologic problems in a more natural state with less injury to the surrounding tissues. This may provide advantages over traditional open surgery.

How much time it will take an athlete or ballet dancer to return to play or performance after this procedure?

It usually takes 8-12 weeks for a ballet dancer to return to performing after posterior ankle arthroscopy and os trigonum excision, but this time can vary. Always check with your surgeon about the anticipated timeline for recovery. Some swelling and discomfort can continue for several months after surgery.

Plantar Fasciitis

If your first few steps out of bed in the morning cause severe pain in the heel of your foot, you may have plantar fasciitis, an overuse injury that affects the sole of the foot. A diagnosis of plantar fasciitis means you have inflamed the tough, fibrous band of tissue (fascia) connecting your heel bone to the base of your toes.

Causes

You’re more likely to develop the condition if you’re female, overweight, or have a job that requires a lot of walking or standing on hard surfaces. You’re also at risk if you walk or run for exercise, especially if you have tight calf muscles that limit how far you can flex your ankles. People with very flat feet or very high arches also are more prone to plantar fasciitis.

Symptoms

Plantar fasciitis typically starts gradually with mild pain at the heel bone often referred to as a stone bruise. You’re more likely to feel it after (not during) exercise. The pain classically occurs right after getting up in the morning and after a period of sitting. If you don’t treat plantar fasciitis, it may become a chronic condition.

Treatments

Stretching is the best treatment for plantar fasciitis. It may help to try to keep weight off your foot until the initial inflammation goes away. You can also apply ice to the sore area for 20 minutes 3-4 times a day to relieve your symptoms. Rolling a frozen water bottle on the bottom of your foot can be beneficial.

Your foot and ankle orthopedic surgeon may prescribe a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication such as ibuprofen or naproxen. Home exercises to stretch your Achilles tendon and plantar fascia are the mainstay of treatment and reduce the chance of recurrence.

In one exercise, you lean forward against a wall with one knee straight and heel on the ground. Your other knee is bent. Your heel cord and foot arch stretch as you lean. Hold for 10 seconds, relax and straighten up. Repeat 20 times for each sore heel. It is important to keep the knee fully extended on the side being stretched.